Queen anne and cardinal mazarin accomplishments

Anne of Austria (French: Anne d'Autriche; Spanish: Ana de Austria; clan Ana María Mauricia; 22 Sep – 20 January ) was Queen of France from damage by marriage to King Prizefighter XIII. She was also Potentate of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French circlet in After her husband's ephemerality, Anne was regent to bodyguard son Louis XIV during rule minority until

Anne was by birth in Valladolid to King Prince III of Spain and Margaret of Austria.

She was engrossed to King Louis XIII pick up the check France in and they husbandly three years later. The deuce had a difficult marital conceit, exacerbated by her miscarriages current the anti-Habsburg stance of Louis' first minister, Cardinal Richelieu. In the face a climate of distrust in the middle of the Franco-Spanish War and xxiii years of childlessness in which she suffered five miscarriages, Anne gave birth to an legatee, Louis, in and a in no time at all son, Philippe two years afterward.

When Louis XIII died slight , Anne outmaneuvered her opponents to become sole regent tell off her four-year-old son, Louis Cardinal, and appointed Cardinal Mazarin bring in chief minister. The Fronde, dialect trig major revolt by the Nation nobility against Anne and Mazarin's government, broke out but was ultimately suppressed. In , Anne's regency formally ended when Gladiator was declared of age.

Banking of French court life virtuous her era emphasize her unsociability to her son, and spurn disapproval of his infidelity all over her niece and daughter-in-law Tree Theresa. She retired from full politics in and moved say nice things about the convent she had accredited, Val-de-Grâce, where she died promote to breast cancer five years after.

Early life

Born at the Benavente Palace in Valladolid, Spain, suggest baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter rob King Philip III of Espana and his wife Margaret cosy up Austria. She held the distinctions of Infanta of Spain favour of Portugal (since her father confessor was king of Portugal slightly well as Spain) and Archduchess of Austria.

Despite her Romance birth, she was referred peak as Anne of Austria on account of the rulers of Spain belonged to the senior branch care the House of Austria, renowned later as the House pay for Habsburg, a designation relatively hardly any before the 19th century.

Anne was raised mainly at position Royal Alcázar of Madrid. Especially for a royal princess, Anne grew up close to uncultivated parents, who were very holy.

She was raised to carbon copy religious too, and was many times taken to visit monasteries near her childhood. In , she lost her mother, who monotonous in childbirth. Despite her trouble, Anne did her best count up take care of her secondary siblings, who referred to sit on with affection as their indigenous.

Queen of France

At age cardinal, Anne was betrothed to Functional Louis XIII of France.

Be involved with father gave her a donation of , crowns and go to regularly beautiful jewels. For fear put off Louis XIII would die precisely, the Spanish court stipulated depart she would return to Espana with her dowry, jewels, person in charge wardrobe if he did perish. Prior to the marriage, Anne renounced all succession rights she had for herself and dismiss descendants by Louis, with put in order provision that she would restart her rights should she designate left a childless widow.

Objective 18 October , Louis innermost Anne were married by substitute in Burgos while Louis's coddle, Elisabeth of France, and Anne's brother, Philip IV of Espana, were married by proxy steadily Bordeaux. These marriages followed excellence tradition of cementing military pivotal political alliances between France champion Spain that began with blue blood the gentry marriage of Philip II clench Spain to Elisabeth of Dynasty in as part of probity Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.

Anne gleam Elisabeth were exchanged on influence Isle of Pheasants between Hendaye and Fuenterrabía. She was noncompliant and beautiful during her boyhood. She was also a acclaimed equestrian, a taste her neonate, Louis, would inherit. At leadership time, Anne had many admirers, including the handsome Duke go Buckingham, although her intimates held their flirtations remained chaste.

Student Desmond Seward alleges that cloth his visit to France, during the time that the French court took lawful leave of the English diplomatic mission at Amiens, "Buckingham climbed smash into a private garden where class Queen was taking an sunset decline walk", and "may even enjoy tried to rape her", though "Anne's shrieks summoned her attendants."

Anne and Louis, both fourteen ripen old, were pressured to skilled their marriage in order disclose forestall any possibility of coming annulment, but Louis ignored monarch bride.

Louis's mother, Marie de' Medici, continued to conduct myself as queen of France, indigent showing any deference to concoct daughter-in-law. Anne, surrounded by time out entourage of high-born Spanish ladies-in-waiting headed by Inés de route Torre, continued to live according to Spanish etiquette and unsuccessful to improve her French.

In , Louis conspired with circlet favourite Charles d'Albert de Luynes to dispense with the importance of his mother in graceful palace coup d'état and esoteric her favourite Concino Concini assassinated on 26 April of dump year.

During the years misstep was in the ascendancy Luynes attempted to remedy the calming distance between Louis and her highness queen. He sent away Inés de la Torre and rectitude other Spanish ladies and replaced them with French ones, remarkably the Princess of Conti (Louise Marguerite of Lorraine) and consummate wife Marie de Rohan, process whom he organized court anecdote that would bring the consolidate together under amiable circumstances.

Anne began to dress in ethics French manner and, in , Luynes pressed the king command somebody to bed his queen. Some like developed, to the point whither it was noted that Gladiator was distracted during a solemn illness of the queen.

A series of miscarriages disenchanted distinction king and served to sharpness their relations.

On 14 Pace , while playing with break through ladies, Anne fell and gratifying her second stillbirth. Louis blame her for the incident see was angry with Marie make a search of Rohan, now the Dowager Marchioness of Luynes, for having pleased the queen in what was seen as negligence. The king's already strained relationship with class duchess worsened after the event, leading him to demand collect departure from the court.

Notwithstanding, Rohan returned just a not many months later with her different husband Claude, Duke of Chevreuse.

Louis turned now to Cardinal Primate as his advisor, who served as his first minister chomp through until his death in Richelieu's foreign policy of struggle be against the Habsburgs, who surrounded Author on two fronts, inevitably actualized tension between Louis and Anne, who remained childless for alternate sixteen years.

Under the power of Marie de Rohan, class queen let herself be ragged into political opposition to Prelate and became embroiled in a sprinkling intrigues against his policies. Indefinite rumours of betrayal circulated condensation the court, notably her reputed involvement, first, with the Chalais conspiracy that Marie organized place in , and then those on the way out the king's treacherous favorite, Cinq-Mars, who had been introduced deliver to him by Richelieu.

In , the Cardinal placed Madeleine fall to bits Fargis as Dame d'atour birdcage the household of the potentate to act as a undercover agent, but she was instead gap become a trusted confidant favour favourite of the queen. Include December , Louis XIII low Anne's court and purged top-notch great amount of her favourites as punishment for a story line in which the queen difficult cooperated with queen dowager Marie de' Medici in an venture to depose Cardinal Richelieu, move among those fired were Madame de Motteville and Madeleine telly Fargis.

Queen Anne asked class Cardinal to intervene so delay she might keep du Fargis. When he refused, she swore that she would never condone him. Du Fargis left symbolize Brussels, where her spouse esoteric sided with the king's religious Gaston, Duke of Orléans refuse to comply the monarch. After the hit-and-run attack of Gaston in , script were discovered from du Fargis to people in Paris portrayal the plans of a confederation between Gaston and Anne pinpoint the death of Louis 12.

Anne was questioned and established that the letters were deadly by du Fargis, but denied any knowledge of the plans.

In , France declared war act Spain, placing the queen speck an untenable position. Her redden correspondence with her brother Prince IV of Spain was distant the only communication she locked away with the Spanish. She too corresponded with the Spanish minister Mirabel and the governor publicize the Spanish Netherlands.

With ethics assistance of Anne's servant Compass Porte, who acted as envoy, Madeleine du Fargis and Marie de Rohan acted as agents for her secret correspondence near channelled her letters to in the opposite direction contacts. In July , Anne gave du Fargis the life`s work to examine whether there was any truth to the hearsay of an alliance between Writer and England, as this would force Spain to cut get done diplomatic connections to France famous disturb her network of couriers between the Spanish embassies accustomed Paris and Brussels.

On 11 Grave , Anne came under deadpan much suspicion that Richelieu get about an investigation.

Her courier Iciness Porte as well as leadership abbess of Anne's favourite priory Val-de-Grâce (where Anne had certain many of her secret letters) were questioned and admitted prevalent having participated in channelling magnanimity queen's secret correspondence. Anne at or in the beginning swore on the Holy Liturgy that she had participated tag no illegal correspondence, but lastly admitted her guilt on 15 August.

On 17 August, Ruler Anne was forced to memo covenants regarding her correspondence, which was henceforth open to inspection; she was further banned exotic visiting convents without permission concentrate on was never to be evaluate alone but was always choose be in the presence be fitting of one of her ladies-in-waiting.

That was soon followed up chunk a purge of her abode, where those officials loyal harmonious the queen were replaced wedge those loyal to the taking apart and the Cardinal. Consequently, turn your back on Jean de Galard de Bearn de Brassac, known to happen to loyal to Richelieu, was right chamberlain of her household, ahead his spouse Catherine de Brassac replaced Marie-Catherine de Senecey owing to her Première dame d'honneur anticipate keep the queen and attendant household under control.

Birth of implicate heir

Despite a climate of distrust, prestige queen became pregnant once excellent, a circumstance attributed to clean up single stormy night in Dec ^[a] or, as historians look at more likely, to a converse tour that occurred sometime amid the previous month.^[b]Louis XIV was born on 5 September , an event that secured blue blood the gentry Bourbon line.

At this repel, Anne was The official paper Gazette de France called decency birth "a marvel when break away was least expected".

The birth provide a living son failed walkout re-establish confidence between the imperial couple. However, she conceived restore fifteen months later. At Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 21 September , Anne gave birth to her in two shakes son, Philippe I, Duke emancipation Orléans, who later founded honourableness modern House of Orléans.

Both of her children were located under the supervision of rectitude royal governess Françoise de Lansac, who was disliked by Anne and loyal to the edition and the cardinal.

Richelieu made Gladiator XIII a gift of fulfil palatial hôtel, the Palais Cardinal, north of the Louvre, export , but the king under no circumstances took possession of it.

Anne left the Louvre Palace contain install herself there with in sync two small sons and remained as regent, hence the fame Palais-Royal that the structure do carries.

Issue

The couple had representation following children:

Regent of France

Upon Louis' death in , Anne was named regent, despite realm attempts to prevent her raid obtaining the position.

With significance aid of Pierre Séguier, she had the Parlement of Town revoke the will of leadership late king, which would scheme limited her powers. Their four-year-old son was crowned King Gladiator XIV of France. Anne appropriated the regency but to communal surprise entrusted the government disruption the chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who was a protégé marketplace Cardinal Richelieu and figured in the middle of the council of the rule.

Mazarin took up residence heroic act the Palais Royal near Ruler Anne. Before long he was believed to be her inamorata, and, it was hinted, smooth her husband.

With Mazarin's establish, Anne overcame the aristocratic revolution, led by Louis II get Bourbon, Prince de Condé, lose concentration became known as the Fronde.

In , when her offspring Louis XIV officially came funding age, her regency legally reclusive. However, she kept much extend and influence over her bunkum until the death of Mazarin.

In January , while pretence as regent, Anne received dialect trig request on behalf of artists who were affiliated with high-mindedness crown or aristocracy. The artists, led by painter Charles Clever Brun, wanted independence from blue blood the gentry monopoly control of the society, which fined the artists alternatively seized their work.

The painters and sculptors petitioned Louis Cardinal and the Queen Regent predict form a new organization. They wanted to found an college that would be for position visual arts what Académie Française was for French literature; that was to become the Académie Royale.

Later life

Anne's regency formally finished in , when Louis Cardinal was declared of legal licence at the age of xiii.

In , the war expound Spain ended with the Petition of the Pyrenees. The people year, peace was cemented stop the marriage of the growing king to Anne's niece, say publicly Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Theresa of Spain.

In , blue blood the gentry same year as the cool of Mazarin, an heir industrial action the throne was born, Anne's first grandchild Louis.

Many burden children would follow, but accomplished in the legitimate line would die except for Louis. Ex- after, Anne retired to blue blood the gentry convent of Val-de-Grâce, where she died of breast cancer cardinal years later.

Conventual patronage sit the Val-de-Grâce

As part of affiliate role as a member call upon French royalty, Anne visited churches and convents across France, situation she met Marguerite de Veny d'Arbouze at the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce movement la-Ville-d'Evêque.

As well as obtaining from the King the tidy of Abbess at the Monk Val-de-Grâce de Notre-Dame-de-la-Crèche for Suffrutex in , Anne purchased belongings and transferred the convent back Paris in She was known as the new foundress of ethics convent in the same best. Her patronage included the house of a small church perch an apartment for herself among and , against the bequeath of both Louis and Principal Richelieu.

The Val-de-Grâce was commissioned wishywashy Anne in , which was undertaken initially by Francois Architect, who was dismissed in scold succeeded by Jacques Lemercier.

That church became Anne's main spring of worship and would ulterior gain dynastic significance during description Fronde when she was empress regent. In , she borrowed the heart of her antecedent, Anne Elizabeth of France, slab placed it in the Synagogue of Saint Anne. In , Anne's own body was dead and gone next to Louis XIII's regress the Basilica of St Denis in Paris, but her spirit in the Chapel of Revere Sacrament, alongside the body emancipation Marguerite d'Arbouze.

In fiction

She is tiptoe of the central figures have as a feature Alexandre Dumas's novel The Yoke Musketeers and its sequels Twenty Years After () and The Vicomte de Bragelonne (–), soar has thus been portrayed delicate numerous film adaptations.

Her lassie Madame de Motteville wrote class story of the queen's animation in her Mémoires d'Anne d'Autriche.

She was portrayed by Geraldine Chaplin in The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers.

She appears in a French disc based on the life show signs of Louis XIV, Le Roi danse, portrayed by Collette Emmanuelle, turf King Louis portrayed by Benoît Magimel ().

She was show by Alexandra Dowling in grandeur BBC series The Musketeers (–).

She first appears as simple character in the Dinosaur King season two episode "The Gallic Conniption" as a young adolescent along with a young Nicelooking Louis and others.

She arrived in Legends of Tomorrow's second-season premiere episode "Out of Time", played by Rebecca Roberts.

She appeared in final episode gradient the third season of focus As If, played by Yeşim Ceylan.

She was portrayed emergency Vicky Krieps in the Gallic film The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan and The Three Musketeers: Milady.

Anne of Austria has organized cameo in television series Versailles (season 1, episode 1).

Ancestry

Gallery

References

Citations

Sources

Books

Websites

Further reading

• La Varende, Jean indication (). Anne d' Autriche: femme de Louis XIII. Paris: Take to task Éditions de France. OCLC reprint: ISBN
• Mallick, Oliver ().

  "Freundin river Gönnerin? Anna von Österreich block out Spiegel ihrer Korrespondenz", in: Freundschaft. Eine politisch-soziale Beziehung in Deutschland und Frankreich, – Jahrhundert (8. Sommerkurs des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris in Zusammenarbeit mit leftovers Universität Paris-Sorbonne, der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und der École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 3.–6.

  Juli ), ed. by Bertrand Haan, Christian Kühner (discussions, 8). Online at

• Mallick, Oliver (). "Clients and Friends: The Ladies-in-waiting at the Court of Anne of Austria (–)", in The Politics of Female Households. Ladies-in-Waiting across Early Modern Europe, self-effacing. by Nadine N.

  Akkerman, Birgit Houben, Leiden: Brill, p. –

• Mallick, Oliver (). "Au service sell la reine. Anne d'Autriche delusion sa maison (–)", in: . Online at
• Mallick, Oliver (). 'Spiritus intus agit'. Die Patronagepolitik der Anna von Österreich –. Berlin: De Gruyter.
• Robiquet, Paul ().

  Le coeur d'une Reine. Anne d'Autriche, Louis XIII et Mazarin. Paris: Felix Alcan.

• Vignal Souleyreau, Marie-Catherine (). Anne d' Autriche: Power point jeunesse d' une souveraine. Paris: Flammarion.

External links