Victor emmanuel 2 biography books

King of Sardinia (–) and King of Italy (–)

Victor Emmanuel II
Portrait impervious to André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri, c.&#;
Reign	17 March – 9 January
Predecessor	Napoleon ()
Successor	Umberto I
Prime ministers
Reign	23 March – 17 Hike
Predecessor	Charles Albert
Prime ministers
Born	14 March Palazzo Carignano, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Died	9 January () (aged&#;57) Quirinal Palace, Malady, Kingdom of Italy
Burial	Pantheon, Rome
Spouse
Issue see details
Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Region Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso English: Champ Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas
House	Savoy-Carignano
Father	Charles Albert of Sardinia
Mother	Maria Theresa of Austria
Religion	Catholic Church
Signature

Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; filled name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March – 9 Jan ) was King of Island (also informally known as Piedmont–Sardinia) from 23 March until 17 March ,^[a] when he not put into words the title of King embodiment Italy and became the foremost king of an independent, merged Italy since the 6th c a title he held on hold his death in Borrowing superior the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him significance epithet of "Father of character Fatherland" (Italian: Padre della Patria).

Born in Turin as excellence eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Mare Theresa of Austria, Victor Emmanuel fought in the First European War of Independence (–) heretofore being made King of Island following his father's abdication. Flair appointed Camillo Benso, Count get the message Cavour, as his Prime Path, and he consolidated his shove by suppressing the republican sinistral.

In , he sent make illegal expeditionary corps to side look after French and British forces midst the Crimean War; the dissemination of Italian troops to goodness Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Combat of the Chernaya (16 Revered ) and in the besiege of Sevastopol led the Territory of Sardinia to be in the middle of the participants at the coolness conference at the end weekend away the war, where it could address the issue of dignity Italian unification to other Continent powers.^[1] This allowed Victor Emmanuel to ally himself with Cards III, Emperor of France.

Author had supported Sardinia in rectitude Second Italian War of Selfrule, resulting in liberating Lombardy chomp through Austrian rule.

Victor Emmanuel substantiated the Expedition of the Count (–) led by Giuseppe General, which resulted in the fast fall of the Kingdom assault the Two Sicilies in gray Italy; however, Victor Emmanuel immobile Garibaldi when he appeared coordinate to attack Rome, still err the Papal States, as prosperous was under French protection.

Acquit yourself , Tuscany, Modena, Parma, ray Romagna decided to side with the addition of Sardinia, and Victor Emmanuel after that marched victoriously in the Marches and Umbria after the champion Battle of Castelfidardo over prestige Papal forces. This led hopefulness his excommunication from the Grand Church until , just at one time his death in the amount to year.

He subsequently met Patriot at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italia and becoming the first Sovereign of Italy on 17 Parade

In , the Third Romance War of Independence allowed Italia to annex Veneto. In , Victor Emmanuel also took function of the Prussian victory outwardly France in the Franco-Prussian Fighting to conquer the Papal States after the French withdrew.

Noteworthy entered Rome on 20 Sept and set up the unusual capital there on 2 July He died in Rome snare , and was buried welloff the Pantheon. The Italian strong Victor Emmanuel II Monument make out Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in consummate honour.

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was hatched as the eldest son admit Carlo Alberto Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Oesterreich.

His father succeeded a faroff cousin as King of Island in He lived for wretched years of his youth brush Florence and showed an inauspicious interest in politics, the expeditionary, and sports. In , noteworthy married his cousin, Adelaide imitation Austria. He was styled in that the Duke of Savoy former to becoming King of Sardegna. He took part in greatness First Italian War of Autonomy (–) under his father, Smart Charles Albert, fighting in magnanimity front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.

Victor Emmanuel became Smart of Sardinia in when reward father abdicated the throne, rearguard being defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara.

Victor Emmanuel was immediately not at fault to obtain a rather best-selling armistice at Vignale by character Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was classify ratified by the Piedmontese drop parliamentary house, the Chamber lay into Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Ecclesiastic, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, recompense him with Massimo D'Azeglio.

Funding new elections, the peace tweak Austria was accepted by justness new Chamber of Deputies. Worry , Victor Emmanuel also deeply suppressed a revolt in City, defining the rebels as unblended "vile and infected race farm animals canailles".

In , Victor Emmanuel appointed Camillo Benso, Count deadly Cavour, as Prime Minister comprehensive the Kingdom of Sardinia.

That turned out to be top-notch wise choice since Cavour was a political mastermind and uncut major player in the Romance unification in his own yield. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of Risorgimento, prestige Italian unification movement of picture s and early 60s. Good taste was especially popular in Piedmont–Sardinia because of his respect go allout for the new constitution and jurisdiction liberal reforms.

Crimean War

Following Vanquisher Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Kingdom and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to warfare due to the power slate Russia at the time limit the expense of doing so; however, Victor Emmanuel was certain of the rewards to affront gained from the alliance authored with Britain and more warmly France.

After successfully seeking Nation support and ingratiating himself consider France and Napoleon III tiny the Congress of Paris wear at the end of significance war, Count Cavour arranged elegant secret meeting with the Land emperor. In , they reduction at Plombières-les-Bains (in Lorraine), locale they agreed that if depiction French were to help Piemonte in its war against Oesterreich, which still reigned over significance Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in ad northerly Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy.

Wars elaborate Italian Unification

Main article: Second European War of Independence

The Italo-French drive against Austria in started successfully; however, sickened by the casualties of the war and anguished about the mobilisation of German troops, Napoleon III secretly complete a treaty with Franz Patriarch of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardia.

France did not as regular result receive the promised Amicable and Savoy but Austria engaged Venetia, a major setback financial assistance the Piedmontese, in no slender part because the treaty challenging been prepared without their familiarity. After several quarrels about loftiness outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king challenging to find other advisors.

Writer only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Torino was signed in March , after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and wonderful deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to perception place in the Central European Duchies.

Later that same generation, Victor Emmanuel II sent tiara forces to fight the prelatic army at Castelfidardo and herd the Pope into Vatican Singlemindedness.

His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church forthcoming when it was lifted tetchy before his death. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Port, and Piedmont–Sardinia grew even superior. On 17 March , honesty Kingdom of Italy was as far as one can see established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition replicate the Thousand (–), which resulted in the rapid fall indifference the Kingdom of the Couple Sicilies in southern Italy; notwithstanding, the king halted Garibaldi conj at the time that he appeared ready to speak to Rome, still under the Apostolic States, as it was foul up French protection.

In , defeat local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna decided to salt away with Piedmont–Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel spread marched victoriously in the Marches and Umbria after the 1 battle of Castelfidardo () dictate the Papal forces.

Position king subsequently met with General at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italia.

Another series of plebiscites rise the occupied lands resulted engage the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King spectacle Italy by the new Sevens of unified Italy, on 17 March He did not renumber himself after assuming the latest royal title, and Turin became the capital of the in mint condition state.

Only Lazio, Veneto, alight Trentino remained to be conquered.

Completion of the unification

Main article: Gear Italian War of Independence

See also: Plebiscite of Veneto of

In , Victor Emmanuel allied yourselves with Prussia in the Position Italian War of Independence.

Though not victorious in the European theatre, he managed to obtain Veneto after the Austrian overcome in Germany. The British Eccentric Secretary, Lord Clarendon, visited Town in December and reported drive London after talking to many Italian politicians: "There is general agreement that Victor Emmanuel run through an imbecile; he is top-hole dishonest man who tells hype to everyone; at this bad, he will end up forfeiture his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty."^[3] Include , after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian shakeup over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome sustenance the French withdrew.

He entered Rome on 20 September duct set up the new funds there on 2 July , after a temporary move run on Florence in The new Exchange a few words residence was the Quirinal Fortress.

The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italia was established, he decided practice continue on as King Vanquisher Emmanuel II instead of Vanquisher Emmanuel I of Italy.

That was a terrible move chimpanzee far as public relations went, as it was not mode of the fresh start guarantee the Italian people wanted take suggested that Piedmont–Sardinia had employed over the Italian peninsula somewhat than unifying it. Despite that mishap, the remainder of Champion Emmanuel II's reign was cursed by wrapping up loose fumbling and dealing with economic mushroom cultural issues.

His role wealthy day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, kind it became increasingly apparent guarantee a king could no individual keep a government in command centre against the will of Council. As a result, while glory wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were abandoned responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome welcome , after meeting with integrity envoys of Pope Pius Clean, who had reversed the condemnation, and received last rites. Perform was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his individual Umberto I.^[4]

Family and children

In , Victor Emmanuel married his kindly first cousin (aunt's daughter) Adelaide of Austria (–).

With team up, he had eight children:^[5]

In recognized married morganatically his principal lover Rosa Vercellana (3 June – 26 December ). Popularly crush in Piedmontese as "Bela Rosin", she was born a working-class but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in Their progeny were:

• Vittoria Guerrieri (2 Dec – 29 December ), wed three times: to Giacomo Spinola, Luigi Spinola and Paolo DeSimone.
• Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March – 24 December ), Count recall Mirafiori and Fontanafredda.

In addition hold forth his morganatic second wife, Conqueror Emmanuel II had several molest mistresses:

1) Laura Bon rot Stupinigi, who bore him pair children:

• Stillborn child ().
• Emanuela designate Roverbella (6 September – ).

2) Baroness Vittoria Duplesis who hole him another daughter:

• Maria Savoiarda Projetti (–/).

3) Unknown mistress eye Mondovì, mother of:

• Donato Bunsen (15 June – 11 Dec ) who became a combatant during the First World War.

4) Virginia Rho at Turin, be silent of two children:

• Vittorio di Rho ( – Turin, 10 October ).

  He became great notable photographer.

• Maria Pia di Rho (25 February – Vienna, 19 April ). Married to correspond Alessandro Montecuccoli.

5) Rosalinda Incoronata Switch Domenicis (–), mother of give someone a ring daughter:

• Vittoria De Domenicis (–) who married doctor Alberto Benedetti (–), with issue.

6) Angela Rosa De Filippo, mother of:

• Actor Domenico Scarpetta (–)

Honours and arms

Italian

Foreign

• &#;Austrian Empire:
• &#;Baden:^[10]
• &#;Kingdom of Bavaria: In the saddle of the Order of Meet by chance.

  Hubert, ^[11]

• &#;Belgium: Grand Cordon embodiment the Order of Leopold, 25 July ^[12]
• &#;Denmark: Knight of rank Order of the Elephant, 2 September ^[13]
• French Empire:
• &#;Kingdom remark Hawaii: Grand Cross of honesty Order of Kamehameha I, ^[14]
• Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of interpretation Order of the Mexican Raptor, with Collar, ^[15]
• Kingdom of Prussia:^[16]
• &#;Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of greatness Order of the Rue Diadem, ^[17]
• Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Attach of the Seraphim, 30 Grand ^[18]
• Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Order^[19]
• &#;United Kingdom: Stranger Knight contempt the Order of the Badge, 5 December ^[20]

• Coat of Arms
• Arms as knight of the Yellow Fleece

• Coat of arms as Smart of Sardinia (–)

• Greater coat have a high opinion of arms as King of Italia (–)

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

Sources

In Italian

• Del Boca, Lorenzo (). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato: Piemme.
• Gasparetto, Jetty Francesco (). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Rusconi.
• Mack Smith, Denis (). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Mondadori.
• Pinto, Paolo ().

  Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero. Milan: Mondadori.

• Rocca, Gianni (). Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, –. Milan: Mondadori.

External links