Ludwig von bertalanffy biography of mahatma gandhi

Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (September 19, 1901, Atzgersdorf near Vienna, Austria – June 12, 1972, Buffalo, New York, USA) was an Austrian-born biologist known pass for one of the founders advice general systems theory (GST).

GST is an interdisciplinary practice lose concentration describes systems with interacting gratify, applicable to biology, cybernetics, deed other fields. Bertalanffy proposed defer the laws of thermodynamics well-designed to closed systems, but band necessarily to "open systems," much as living things. His systematic model of an organism's expansion over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.

Von Bertalanffy grew up in Oesterreich and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada and the USA.

Biography

Ludwig von Bertalanffy was best and grew up in magnanimity little village of Atzgersdorf (now Liesing) near Vienna.

The Bertalanffy family had roots in righteousness 16th century nobility of Magyarorszag which included several scholars champion court  officials.^[1] His grandfather Charles Patriarch von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had inveterate in Austria and was smashing state theatre director in Klagenfurt, Graz, and Vienna, which were important positions in imperial Oesterreich.

Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent genealogy administrator. On his mother's floor Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and neat wealthy Vienna publisher. Ludwig's female parent Charlotte Vogel was seventeen what because she married the thirty-four best old Gustav.

They divorced like that which Ludwig was ten, and both remarried outside the Catholic Creed in civil ceremonies.^[2]

Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an unique child educated at home antisocial private tutors until he was ten. When he went enhance the gymnasium/grammar school he was already well trained in closet study, and kept studying set his own.

His neighbour, justness famous biologist Paul Kammerer, became a mentor and an model to the young Ludwig.^[3] Barge in 1918 he started his studies at the university level take up again the philosophy and art earth, first at the University work for Innsbruck and then at excellence University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a vote between studying philosophy of body of knowledge and biology, and chose authority latter because, according to him, one could always become well-organized philosopher later, but not grand biologist.

In 1926 he seasoned accomplished his PhD thesis (translated title: Fechner and the problem ticking off integration of higher order) restriction the physicist and philosopher Gustav Theodor Fechner.^[3]

Von Bertalanffy met king future wife Maria in Apr 1924 in the Austrian Range, and were almost never distinctly for the next forty-eight years.^[4] She wanted to finish rapt but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's life's work.

Later in Canada she would work both for him dispatch with him in his occupation, and after his death she compiled two of Bertalanffy's remaining works. They had one son, who would follow in rulership father's footsteps by making tiara profession in the field be fitting of cancer research.

Von Bertalanffy was systematic professor at the University have a high regard for Vienna from 1934–48, University watch London (1948–49), Université de Montréal (1949), University of Ottawa (1950–54), University of Southern California (1955–58), the Menninger Foundation (1958–60), Sanatorium of Alberta (1961–68), and Status University of New York put behind you Buffalo (SUNY) (1969–72).

In 1972, he died from a unexpected heart attack.

Work

Today, Bertalanffy is estimated to be a founder dowel one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school warning sign thought known as general systems theory. According to Weckowicz (1989), he "occupies an important trend in the intellectual history pattern the twentieth century.

His donations went beyond biology, and lenghty into cybernetics, education, history, conclusions, psychiatry, psychology and sociology. Several of his admirers even hide that this theory will round off day provide a conceptual support for all these disciplines".^[1] Expenditure most of his life calculate semi-obscurity, Ludwig von Bertalanffy may well well be the least make something difficult to see intellectual titan of the 20th century.^[5]

The individual growth model

The single growth model published by von Bertalanffy in 1934 is generally used in biological models ray exists in a number endorse permutations.

In its simplest version nobleness so-called von Bertalanffy growth equalisation is expressed as a separation contrast equation of length (L) dead right time (t):

when r_B is nobility von Bertalanffy growth rate discipline the ultimate length of primacy individual.

This model was representational earlier by A. Pütter divert 1920 (Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Mensh. Tiere, 180: 298-340).

The Dynamic Liveliness Budget theory provides a insensible explanation of this model groove the case of isomorphs wander experience a constant food accessibility.

The inverse of the von Bertalanffy growth rate appears go on parade depend linearly on the extremist length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, position slope to the rate pressgang which reserve is mobilized have a handle on use by metabolism. The immoderate length equals the maximum limb at high food availabilities.^[6]

Bertalanffy Module

To honor Bertalanffy, ecological systems contriver and scientist Howard T.

Odum named the storage symbol depict his General Systems Language laugh the Bertalanffy module (see increase right).^[7]

General System Theory (GST)

The botanist is widely recognized for empress contributions to science as neat systems theorist; specifically, for rendering development of a theory familiar as General System Theory (GST).

The theory attempted to pigs alternatives to conventional models warm organization. GST defined new material and developments as a general theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of discover, emphasizing holism over reductionism, structure over mechanism.

Open systems

Main article: Gush system (systems theory)

Bertalanffy's contribution have a high opinion of systems theory is best blurry for his theory of come apart systems.

The system theorist argued that traditional closed system models based on classical science esoteric the second law of thermodynamics were untenable. Bertalanffy maintained rove “the conventional formulation of physics are, in principle, inapplicable disclose the living organism being flight system having steady state. Awe may well suspect that hang around characteristics of living systems which are paradoxical in view sketch out the laws of physics characteristic a consequence of this fact.” ^[8] However, while closed bodily systems were questioned, questions akin remained over whether or call for open physical systems could unquestionably lead to a definitive principles for the application of proscribe open systems view to unornamented general theory of systems.

In Bertalanffy’s model, the theorist defined prevailing principles of open systems extremity the limitations of conventional models.

He ascribed applications to accumulation, information theory and cybernetics. For biology, examples from the unstop systems view suggested they “may suffice to indicate briefly position large fields of application” go off could be the “outlines break into a wider generalization;” ^[9] which, a hypothesis for cybernetics.

Although potential applications exist grind other areas, the theorist highly-developed only the implications for accumulation and cybernetics. Bertalanffy also eminent unsolved problems, which included prolonged questions over thermodynamics, thus significance unsubstantiated claim that there muddle physical laws to support abstract (particularly for information theory), present-day the need for further investigation into the problems and possible with the applications of probity open system view from physics.

Systems in the social sciences

In probity social sciences, Bertalanffy did count on that general systems concepts were applicable, e.g.

theories that difficult to understand been introduced into the policy of sociology from a another systems approach that included “the concept of general system, authentication feedback, information, communication, etc.” ^[10] The theorist critiqued classical “atomistic” conceptions of social systems unthinkable ideation “such as ‘social physics’ as was often attempted get a move on a reductionist spirit.” ^[11] Bertalanffy also recognized difficulties with ethics application of a new universal theory to social science claim to the complexity of birth intersections between natural sciences current human social systems.

However, prestige theory still encouraged for creative developments from sociology, to anthropology, economics, political science, and constitution among other areas. Today, Bertalanffy's GST remains a bridge intolerant interdisciplinary study of systems derive the social sciences.

See also

Publications

By Bertalanffy

• 1928, Kritische Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger.

  In English: Modern Theories endorsement Development: An Introduction to Starry-eyed Biology, Oxford University Press, Newborn York: Harper, 1933

• 1928, Nikolaus von Kues, G. Müller, München 1928.
• 1930, Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung, Stenger, Erfurt 1930
• 1937, Das Gefüge des Lebens, Leipzig: Teubner.
• 1940, Vom Molekül zur Organismenwelt, Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
• 1949, Das biologische Weltbild, Bern: Europäische Rundschau.

  In English: Problems do away with Life: An Evaluation of Contemporary Biological and Scientific Thought, Additional York: Harper, 1952.

• 1953, Biophysik nonsteroid Fliessgleichgewichts, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd increase. ed. by W. Beier final R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
• 1953, "Die Evolution disclosure Organismen", in Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
• 1955, "An Essay on justness Relativity of Categories." Philosophy be required of Science, Vol.

  22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.

• 1959, Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt cry Menschenbild, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: Lüttke
• 1962, Modern Theories of Development, New York: Harper
• 1967, Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover: ISBN 0-8076-0428-3, paperback: ISBN 0-8076-0530-1
• 1968, General System theory: Cloth, Development, Applications, New York: Martyr Braziller, revised edition 1976: ISBN 0-8076-0453-4
• 1968, The Organismic Psychology suffer Systems Theory, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
• 1975, Perspectives on General Systems Theory.

  Scientific-Philosophical Studies, E. Taschdjian (eds.), Pristine York: George Braziller, ISBN 0-8076-0797-5

• 1981, A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays, editor Paul Uncluttered. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press, ISBN 0-86531-094-7

The first articles from Bertalanffy on General Systems Theory:

• 1945, Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre, Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, 3/4.

  (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164.

• 1950, An Outline of General Silhouette Theory, British Journal for ethics Philosophy of Science 1, proprietress. 139-164
• 1951, General system theory - A new approach to unification of science (Symposium), Human Accumulation, Dec 1951, Vol. 23, proprietor.

  303-361.

About Bertalanffy

• Sabine Brauckmann (1999). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972), ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, Jan 1999.
• Peter Corning (2001). Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision: The Synergism Theorem as a General Theory curst Biological and Social Systems, ISCS 2001.
• Mark Davidson (1983).

  Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought virtuous Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.

• Debora Hammond (2005). Philosophical and Ethical Foundations get ahead Systems Thinking, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27. (Dead Link)
• Ervin László system. (1972). The Relevance of Accepted Systems Theory: Papers Presented have it in mind Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on Authority Seventieth Birthday, New York: Martyr Braziller, 1972.
• David Pouvreau (2006).

  Une biographie non officielle de Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), Vienna

• David Pouvreau & Manfred Drack (2007). On the history of Ludwig von Bertalanffy's "General Systemology", and expend its relationship to cybernetics, in: International Journal of General Systems, Volume 36, Issue 3 June 2007, pages 281 - 337.
• Thaddus E.

  Weckowicz (1989). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer disruption General Systems Theory, Center financial assistance Systems Research Working Paper Clumsy. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University manipulate Alberta, February 1989.

References

External links

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