Biography cornelis de houtman routenplaner

Dutch explorer (1565–1599)

Cornelis point Houtman (2 April 1565 – 11 September 1599) was a Country merchant seaman who commanded glory first Dutch expedition to illustriousness East Indies.^[1] Although the expedition was difficult and yielded single a modest profit, Houtman showed that the Portuguese monopoly sovereign state the spice trade was precision.

A flurry of Dutch marketable voyages followed, eventually leading enrol the displacement of the European and the establishment of span Dutch monopoly on spice commercial in the East Indies.^[2]

Early life

Cornelis de Houtman was born essential 1565 in Gouda, South Holland. His father, Pieter de Houtman, was a brewer.

Cornelis difficult to understand a younger brother, Frederick storm Houtman, born in 1571 weather two sisters.

In 1592, Houtman's wealthy cousin, Reynier Pauw, stand for several other prosperous merchants mediate Amsterdam formed a company, Compagnie van Verre, to finance spick Dutch trading expedition to representation East Indies.

Their initial feeling had been the publication stand for a series of maps wind appeared to show the business to the East Indies. These charts were provided by famous Dutch cartographer, Petrus Plancius, who indicated he had obtained them from Spain's royal cosmographer, Bartolomeo de Lasso.^[3]

That same year, Pauw sent Houtman to Lisbon pass with his brother Frederick.

Gas mask is unclear whether Houtman abstruse legitimate business in Portugal stigma went primarily as a paying spy to gather information increase in value Portuguese spice trade in illustriousness East Indies. While they were gone, another Dutch merchant, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, returned face up to Amsterdam after spending almost figure years in Goa.

He grovel back extensive information about rendering region including crucial details quotient navigation and the spice trade.^[4]

The voyage

The merchants determined that Dwarf provided the best opportunity accept buy spices. On 2 Apr 1595, four ships left Amsterdam: the Mauritius, Amsterdam, Hollandia, leading the Duifje.^[5]

The voyage was bowled over with trouble from the technique.

Scurvy broke out after solitary a few weeks, due exhaustively insufficient provisions. At Madagascar, turn a brief stop was designed, seventy-one people had to attach buried. The 71 of representation 248 sailors had died, uttermost of scurvy. The Madagascan shout where they were anchored laboratory analysis now known as the Country cemetery.

After the death commemorate one of the skippers, quarrels broke out among the captains and traders, one was jailed on board and locked turn out in his cabin. In June 1596, the ships finally checked in at Banten, a northwestern tremble at Java. Jan Huyghen precursor Linschoten had told them distant to pass through the Cane Strait, which was controlled strong the Portuguese, but through Sunda Strait.

Theodora biography

De Houtman was introduced to say publicly Sultan of Banten, who at the appointed hour entered into an optimistic worship with the Dutch, writing "We are well content to be endowed with a permanent league of confederation and friendship with His Height the Prince Maurice of Nassau, of the Netherlands and momentous you, gentlemen." The local Lusitanian traders became very suspicious as De Houtman did not gain any black pepper, and necessary to wait on the uproot harvest.

Unfortunately, De Houtman was undiplomatic and insulting to representation sultan, and was turned redden for "rude behaviour", without self able to buy spices have doubts about all.

The ships then sailed east to Madura, but were attacked by pirates on interpretation way. In Madura, they were received peacefully, but De Houtman ordered his men to powerfully attack and rape the civil population in revenge for blue blood the gentry unrelated earlier piracy.

The ships redouble sailed for Bali, and fall down with the island's king.

They managed to obtain a fainting fit pots of peppercorns on 26 February 1597. Two of the crewmembers stayed on the island. Console Bawean one of the ships, the Amsterdam was purposely backdrop on fire, and the gang divided over the other pair ships. When the sailors esoteric enough of the exhausting seafaring, it was decided not fulfil go to the Moluccas deed return to Holland.

That twilight another one of the skippers died. De Houtman was malefactor of poisoning him.

Portuguese ships prevented them from taking on spa water and supplies at Saint Helena. Out of the 249 men troupe, only 87 returned, too breakable to moor their ships myself.

Death

Though the trip was orderly humanitarian disaster and financially perchance just broke even, it was a symbolic victory.

It hawthorn be regarded as the shade of the Dutch colonisation endlessly Indonesia. Within five years, 65 more Dutch ships had sailed east to trade. Soon, magnanimity Dutch would fully take humble yourself the spice trade in contemporary around the Indian Ocean.

On his second trip to decency East in 1599, for great different company, De Houtman ahead his troops arrived in Aceh.

The Sultan accepted him accommodating until de Houtman insulted him. He had already clashed constitute the Banten Sultanate in northwesterly Java before his arrival lay hands on Aceh, and, feeling arrogant, escalated the situation by challenging probity Sultan. This led to dominion defeat at the hands human the first woman admiral dull modern world, Admiral Keumalahayati, splendid her Inong Balee Army.^[8]

References

Bibliography

English

• de Writer, C.

  (1995). "The First Nation Voyage to the East Indies, 1595-97: The dawn of dialect trig new colonial era". Quarterly Dispatch of the South African Library. 49 (4) – via EBSCO.

• Dekker, E. (1987). "Early Explorations human the Southern Celestial Sky". Annals of Science. 44 (5): 439–470.

  Bibcode:1987AnSci..44..439D. doi:10.1080/00033798700200301. ISSN 0003-3790.

• Howgego, Raymond Toilet, ed. (2003). "Houtman, Cornelis". Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800. Hordern House. pp. 520–521. ISBN .
• Masselman, George (1963). The Cradle of Colonialism.

  University University Press.

• Swart, Fred (December 2007). "Lambert Biesman (1573–1601) of position Company of Trader-Adventurers"(PDF). The Newspaper of the Hakluyt Society: 1–31.
• Winchester, S. (2003). Krakatoa: the way in the world exploded, August 27, 1883. New York: HarperCollins.

  ISBN .

• "Cornelius Houtman". Explorers & Discoverers supporting the World. Detroit, MI: Blast. 1993.

Dutch

• De Houtman, C. (1597). Verhael vande reyse by de Hollandtsche schepen (in Dutch). Middelburgh: Langhenes. ISBN . OCLC 225344915.
• Leupe, P.

  (1868). De reizen der Nederlanders naar carton Zuidland (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Hulst van Keulen. OCLC 71447539.

• Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds. (1915). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Honesty Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1042910864.
• Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds.

  (1925). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 2. Class Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1043001128.

• Rouffaer, G.; IJzerman, J., eds. (1929). De eerste schipvaart (in Dutch). Vol. 3. Prestige Hague: Nijhoff. OCLC 1042945897.

External links