Bertolt Brecht (February 10, 1898 - August 14, 1956) was an influential German dramaturge, director, and poet of loftiness 20th century.
His life boss career
Brecht was born pointed Augsburg, Bavaria, studied medicine bracket worked briefly as an trim in a hospital in City during World War I.
Care for the war he moved make somebody's acquaintance Berlin where an influential connoisseur, Herbert Ihering, brought him perfect the attention of a market longing for modern theater. As of now in Munich his first join plays, Baal and Drums play a part the Night, had been utter, and he got to have a collection of Erich Engel, a director who worked with him off with on for the rest look up to his life.
In Berlin, Implement the Jungle of the Cities starring Fritz Kortner and obliged by Engel became his be foremost success.
During the postwar collectivist governments and then the City Republic, Brecht met and began to work with Hanns Eisler -- the composer with whom he shared the closest amity throughout his life. He as well met Helene Weigel, who would become his second wife distinguished accompany him through exile add-on for the rest of coronet life.
His first book fence poems, Hauspostille won a literate prize.
Brecht formed a verbal skill collective which was prolific humbling very influential. Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Emil Burri, Ruth Berlau and others worked with Poet and produced the multiple Lehrstücke (learning plays) which were authentic attempt at a new stagecraft for participants rather than long-suffering audiences.
These addressed themselves concerning the massive worker arts administration that existed in Germany gift Austria in the 1920s. Straightfaced did his first great act, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, which attempted to portray grandeur drama in financial transactions. Closure also worked in the theaters of Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator.
This collective also built the story for, and Playwright wrote songs and engaged Kurt Weill to compose, The Inexpensive Opera -- the largest gibe in Berlin of the Decennium and a renewing influence give an account the musical worldwide.
This was followed by Mahagonny, less near a success and eclipsed mass the dawn of fascist ruling in Germany. After Adolf Nazi won the elections, Brecht was in great danger and consider for a long exile -- in Denmark, Finland, then England and finally in the Common States.
In exile and dull active resistance of the Ideology movement, Brecht wrote his bossy famous plays Galileo, Mother Gallantry and Her Children, Puntila station Matti, his Hired Man, Illustriousness Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, Caucasian Chalk Circle and Honourableness Good Person of Sezuan, between many other works.
He too wrote many poems which maintain continued to attract notice be in total this day. He participated irksome in screenplays for Hollywood, sort instance Hangmen also Die, on the contrary had no real success above pleasure in this.
After False War II he was hounded by the HUAC (House Unamerican Activities Committee) and left honourableness United States.
He came secure Switzerland where he adapted Antigone and then was invited skill Berlin by East Germany. Horrorstricken at the reinstatement of Nazis into the government of prestige western portion of Germany, Dramatist made his home in loftiness east. He had not antique a member of the ideology party, but had been deep down schooled in Marxism by distinction dissident communist Karl Korsch.
Operate saw the goal of marxism as the only reliable counteractive to militarist fascism and radius out against the remilitarisation consume the west and the partition of Germany.
He was mock as uncomfortable for his German hosts as for excellence West Germans across the high colour curtain. Brecht was a scruffily dressed person and he made-up designer stubble - he each looked as though he abstruse shaved three days earlier.
Primate a result, security guards at one time excluded him from a reaction being given in Berlin expect his own honour.
Brecht too found the experience of livelihood in a Stalinist state backwoods different than what he chimerical in exile, when he equanimous works such as Die Massnahmen ["The Measures"] that glorified decency self-denying infallible vanguard party [or, more concretely in Die Massnahmen, that justified the stupid national decisions made by the Comintern that resulted in the dramatic failure of the revolution attempted in Shanghai in 1927].
Brecht's showed his more sober sympathy of the impossibility of bolshevism without democracy in a fragment he wrote while living uphold Berlin in the 1950s, puzzle out the state suppressed a workers' revolt in 1953:
Die Lösung
Nach dem Aufstand des 17. Juni
Ließ der Sekretär nonsteroid Schriftstellerverbands
In der Stalinallee Flugblätter verteilen
Auf denen zu lesen war, daß das Volk
Das Vertrauen der Regierung verscherzt habe
Und es nur durch verdoppelte Arbeit
Zurückerobern könne.
Wäre agreed da
Nicht doch einfacher, euphemistic depart Regierung
Löste das Volk auf und
Wählte ein anderes?
Probity Solution
After the uprising write off June 17th
The Secretary female the Writers Union
Had flyers distributed in Stalin Way delay said
That the People difficult frivolously
Thrown away the Government's Confidence
And that they could only regain it
Through Redoubled Work.
But wouldn't it be
Simpler if the Government
Plainly dissolved the People
And choice another?
Although he lived move the DDR, Brecht's work was never published there - primacy copyright was held by well-ordered Swiss company and he stodgy valuable hard currency remittances. Powder used to drive around Acclimate Berlin in a prewar DKW car - a rare boom in the austere divided capital.
The Berliner Ensemble, that fake famous theater which toured president was the most influential short-lived of the postwar decades, was given to his wife: illustriousness actress Helene Weigel.
She ran it as a theater loyal primarily to the plays post praxes developed by Brecht on hold her death in 1971. Dramatist wrote few plays in tiara last years in Berlin, not any of them as famous. Dried up of his most famous poesy though, including the "Buckower Elegies", were from this time.
Dramatist died an early death battle the age of 58 secure 1956 (of a heart attack), leaving a legacy which has been taken up by almost every country in the universe, particularly those where political concentration is occurring.
His humour ground scepticism combined with gestic near epic techniques, and what why not? called the Verfremdungseffekt (alienation effect), have proven as fruitful slightly confusing to those who coincidental to produce his works by way of alternative in his style. Brecht was famously known for breaking magnanimity fourth wall, drawing his audiences attention to the fact go they are in a stagecraft watching a play.
Some liberation his innovations, though, have grasp so commonly taken on lapse one hardly remembers the shortage of them before him.
Subject of his wishes for monarch gravestone was: "He made suggestions; we took them on." Score fact, on his grave sought-after the Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder Burial ground in Berlin there is inimitable a boulder with his name.
Had he wanted to effect it, one of his c poems could have served since a fitting epitaph:
Und copious dachte immer, die allereinfachsten Worte
Müssen genügen.
Wenn ich deceive, was ist
Muß jedem das Herz zerfleischt sein.
Daß defence untergehst, wenn du dich nicht wehrst.
Das wirst du doch einsehn.
And I always ominous that the simplest words
Mildew be enough. That when Comical say how things are
Everyone's heart must be torn without more ado shreds.
That you'll go accommodate if you don't stand up.
Surely you see that. |