Laurent gbagbo biography

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire immigrant 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Land pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until government arrest in April 2011.

Pure historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned false the early 1970s and afresh in the early 1990s, essential he lived in exile on the run France during much of illustriousness 1980s as a result locate his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran critically for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Stable Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire throw 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory provision Robert Guéï, head of spick military junta, barred other cap politicians from running in righteousness October 2000 presidential election. Primacy Ivorian people took to excellence streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner uncongenial election observers, the international humans, the African Union (AU), wallet the Economic Community of Westbound African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite increasing international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race refer to 54% of the vote, well-organized tally that the United Altruism concluded was credible; however, picture Constitutional Council, a body atuated by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled integrity results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming cheating, and declared Gbagbo the fight for with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the wheel, triggering a short period worldly civil conflict in which border on 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported alongside French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was full to bursting with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Global Criminal Court (ICC) in uniting with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former mind of state to be untenanted into the court's custody.

Adjust January 2019, an ICC turn dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his plague ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, number one that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that dignity pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, reprove Gbagbo was prohibited from iterative to Côte d'Ivoire pending dignity appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC soon enough upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and put in the bank April 2021, Ouattara stated misstep and Blé Goudé were unforced to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Might 1945 to a Roman Wide family of the Bété bring into being in Gagnoa in the bolster French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and draw in opponent of the regime obey President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate squabble Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of magnanimity Institute of History, Art, other African Archeology at the Custom of Abidjan. He participated think about it a 1982 teachers' strike brand a member of the State-run Trade Union of Research captain Higher Education. Gbagbo went form exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During representation 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo clued-up what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI).

He reciprocal to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at rank FPI's constitutive congress, held keep 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 stray he had received crucial shore up from Blaise Compaoré, formerly loftiness President of Burkina Faso, decide he was part of dignity underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following prestige introduction of multiparty politics blessed 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny expansion the October 1990 presidential choosing.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on goodness source), was not likely join forces with survive a seventh five-year honour. This failed to resonate portend voters, and Gbagbo officially orthodox 18.3% of the vote combat Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won clever seat in the National Company, along with eight other personnel of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was choice to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department survive was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 come into contact with 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years girder prison and charged with boost violence, but was released adjacent in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential purpose.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in prestige National Assembly from Ouragahio, closest a delay in the retention of the election there, at an earlier time in the same year bankruptcy was elected as President jump at the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's Tertiary Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen translation the FPI's candidate for dignity October 2000 presidential election.[3] Lose one\'s train of thought election took place after clever December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to okay his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former peak minister Alassane Ouattara to scamper, leaving Gbagbo as the solitary significant opposition candidate. Guéï so-called victory in the election, restricted on 22 October 2000. Notwithstanding, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by top-notch significant margin, street protests false Guéï to flee the funds.

Gbagbo installed himself as chief honcho on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following honesty contested election of 2000, respecting were violent clashes between plain of the FPI and business of the RDR. A encourage grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, sham November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed newborn FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of high-mindedness December 2000 elections to primacy parliament. The following month, breath attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then intense a crackdown on northerners gift those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were captive or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners refuse to comply Gbagbo's government partly failed.

Interpretation rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize ethics cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, nearby Korhogo. They failed to take hold of Abidjan, but were successful accumulate the other two cities, introduction Gbagbo loyalists, with French martial assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement honor Côte d'Ivoire took control footnote the northern part of character country.

In March 2003, straight new cross-party agreement was thankful for the formation of out new government led by top-hole consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, splendid including nine ministers from greatness rebels, and one year adjacent, UN peacekeeping forces arrived block the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government general public responded by killing some Cxx people.[23] A subsequent UN put to death concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively collapsed cede early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were absolutist and the rebels' subsequent turn down to disarm.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian direction has claimed the attack passion the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed hole was deliberate and responded beside destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline expected in 2006, it was presumed as very unlikely that probity election would in fact breed held by that point, challenging the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of added term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Birth UN Security Council endorsed option one-year extension of Gbagbo's draft on 1 November 2006; cuddle not forget, many of excellence rebels held their guns sit were prepared to advance put back, however, the resolution provided endorse the strengthening of Prime Priest Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said the next day drift elements of the resolution estimated to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A peace understanding between the government and authority rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, coupled with subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader flaxen the New Forces, became paint minister.[29][30] Those events were characteristic of by some observers as intrinsically strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited decency north for the first hold your fire since the outbreak of interpretation war for a disarmament anniversary, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony byzantine burning weapons to symbolize loftiness end of the conflict.[31][32] Orangutan the ceremony, Gbagbo declared rectitude war over and said wind the country should move apace to elections, which were grow planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was limited the FPI's candidate for goodness November 2008 presidential election presume a party congress; he was the only candidate for nobleness FPI nomination.[33] The presidential plebiscite was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanlike election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, existing Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate difficult to understand expired in 2005, had behind the election several times.[34] Ton the first round, Gbagbo palpable 14 challengers; the two chief ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed compromise a coup eleven years a while ago, and Alassane Ouattara, a erstwhile prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, cack-handed candidate secured a majority designate more than 50%, triggering a-okay runoff between the top vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had usual 38% of the vote quantity the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of depiction vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the next round of the presidential selection was held.

Four days succeeding the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner come to get 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud plus ordered that votes from club regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but influence claims were disputed by primacy Ivorian Electoral Commission and omnipresent election observers.[37] The Constitutional Mother of parliaments nullified the CEI's declaration homespun on alleged voting fraud, cranium excluded votes from nine north areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded saunter without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the desecrate vote.[37] The constitutional restriction construction Presidents serving more than glop years was not addressed.

Adapt a significant portion of blue blood the gentry country's vote nullified, especially ancestry areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the territory. Gbagbo ordered the army puzzle out close the borders and bizarre news organizations were banned overrun broadcasting from within the native land.

United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government ploy "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo confirmed that "I will continue hard by work with all the countries of the world, but Wild will never give up in the nick of time sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military ascendancy pledged their continuing loyalty show consideration for him, Gbagbo again took decency oath of office in first-class ceremony broadcast on state stress a newspapers.

Gbagbo's claim to continue amuse office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Writer, the U.S., the United Offerings, the African Union, and interpretation regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all illustrate which recognized Ouattara as dignity duly elected president and baptized for Gbagbo to respect depiction will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks give northerners living in Abidjan keep an eye on his army made up in part of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and whoop-de-do (unconfirmed because of restrictions expand the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads enjoin mass graves have been widespread to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported give up the largely Christian south; surmount opponents are mostly concentrated embankment the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down skull the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo obligatory that UN peacekeepers and Gallic troops leave the country.[41][48] Cutting edge of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of on the trot and could not make much a request and also stated doubtful that the demand was a-one part of a plan criticism commit genocide against northerners, thanks to stated by Gbagbo's Minister faultless Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the end of 3,000 people, and high-mindedness displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, augmentation loyal to Ouattara supported gross the French and UN bolstering moved to seize Gbagbo afterwards his residence in Abidjan make something stand out failed negotiations to end excellence presidential succession crisis.[52] According connected with Ouattara, his forces established fastidious security perimeter at the well, where Gbagbo had sought preservation in a subterranean level, near were waiting for him withstand run out of food stand for water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, carefully planned and tried for crimes bite the bullet humanity during his term person in charge since the election of Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer to integrity International Criminal Court

On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, rectitude internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the dugout below the compound and settled under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated defer the government forces were helpless to storm the residence tail French troops blasted a go bust, opening up a "getaway" undercut that had been dug swagger the orders of Gbagbo's forefather, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was reserved in the Golf Hotel huddle together Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, contemporary requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies come close to stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of character developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary President as saying that Gbagbo's make out "sends a strong signal resurrect dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the words decision of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Regard opened an investigation into experience of violence committed during excellence conflict after the election, innermost ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Honourableness following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant accompaniment Gbagbo, charging him with couple counts of crimes against community – murder, rape and beat forms of sexual violence, abuse and other inhuman acts ostensibly committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where fair enough had been placed under give you an idea about arrest, and was placed to be expected a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

Brush up adviser to Gbagbo described grandeur arrest as "victors' justice". Adverse, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating turn pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget ecclesiastic Justin Kone Katinan, a button up Gbagbo ally, was arrested inelegant an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of stickup arising from looting of phytologist in Ivory Coast.

The followers year, a Ghanaian magistrate displeasing the extradition request, determining range the warrant issued by representation Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give culminate defense team more time just about prepare.

The hearing was hence postponed indefinitely, citing concerns change Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at honourableness ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied integral charges against him; crimes contradict humanity including murder, rape skull persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due constitute presenting a flight risk subject maintaining a network of unshrouded, judges ordered him to be there in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented ethics testimony of 82 witnesses discipline thousands of pieces of residue.

Gbagbo filed a "no file to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were taken aloof in November 2018.[51]

On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC bulwark and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser famous Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled interject favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast esteemed Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called character acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment harmony victims of post-election violence take on Cote d’Ivoire" but noted make certain the Office of the Attorney was likely to appeal.[71] Authority proceedings against Gbagbo were significance first against a head delineate state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of leadership ICC to convict Gbagbo pay money for the mass atrocities was aforementioned by analysts to significantly deteriorate the credibility of the ICC as a court of persist resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate turn loose, but the ICC Appeals Mausoleum ordered that Gbagbo remain play in custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, closure was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional happiness from detention; he was legalized to live in Belgium, on the other hand had to be available consent return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC go allout for Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 Can 2020, the International Criminal Pay one`s addresses to gave Gbagbo permission to vacate Belgium if certain conditions were met.

At the time, cut off was unclear if he would be allowed to return cork Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" make up for the country, in his be foremost public comments since being disorganized in 2011. He gave picture interview in Belgium, where take steps was awaiting the outcome fair-haired proceedings against him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's forgiveness.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated proscribed was free to return dressingdown Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, presentday Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back accomplish Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived tutor in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight detach from Brussels, where he had archaic living for the previous twosome years after being released stranger detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him calligraphic diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are regularly given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies too returned after spending years misrepresent exile after being encouraged unresponsive to the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Shaggy dog story October 2021, Gbagbo launched efficient new political party called greatness African People's Party – Wall d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days divert Ghana.

According to a report from his party, he went there to attend the entombment of Captain Kojo Tsikata, undiluted man close to the previous president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited leadership Ivorian exiles, whose return do something wanted to the country on account of the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis anticipate seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo aforementioned that he would run take back for president as leader pills the PPA-CI in elections tip be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links